In that case, the teacher should be flexible to change the pattern in a way that it meets the student’s need. We should pay attention to apply all kinds of interaction among students. Ask questions or hold up objects to elicit responses from the children. How do follow-up questions contribute towards effective classroom interaction? Briefly, a teacher should integrate these interaction patterns to her classroom by considering her lesson and students’ profile. The students in our classes will have different learning styles. I cannot say one of the classroom interaction pattern is the best of classroom interaction patterns. All in all, I believe that the kind of interaction depends on certain elements and it is a big mistake to say there is a kind of classroom interaction which can be used in class most. Your email address will not be published. Your email address will not be published. I think the teacher can make of use of pair and group works with adults very effectively but it is not suitable for the young learners. Questions are powerful, valuable tools that can take learning to new heights. People learn with different ways such as seeing, reading and so on and different interaction patterns can be useful for different individuals. Teach a peer prompts or responses so adult prompts can fade. When it comes to lecturing, I think, teacher ↔ student interaction should be used because the teacher is the source of right information, so s/he ought to conduct the lesson. She has studied the research and tested it with her own students to determine how to ask the kinds of questions that get students talking in ways that advance their learning. Second-language classroom interaction : questions and answers in ESL classes. When you ask better questions, you get better responses—and better questions—from your students. The aim of the teacher is important, here s/he should know the learning types of the students so as to be able to adjust the lesson according to the majority of the classroom, and also should include the other types of learning not to lose the other students. Child Choice – Observe what the child prefers during free play time. Teacher-centered activity is when the teacher controls the group. Because this question has only one answer, I should agree with my friends. Not everyone does it well—at least not all the time. Due to the diversified student community, varied strategical challenges ahead for a teacher- she/he has to implement innovative techniques to enhance the student participation in classroom sessions. I think, a teacher should choose sort of the interaction pattern dominantly according to activities, students or topic. The present study aims to investigate the relationships among these four variables in the ESL classroom in Hong Kong: (1) question types, (2) questioning strategies, (3) student attitudes, and (4) patterns of interaction. Questions provide teachers with the ability to check on and enhance student learning. Maryellen Weimer, PhD Asking questions in order to involve students in classroom interaction is the most common technique used by teachers in EFL settings. I also agree with Uğur Can about the using more than one pattern in the classroom. I t may be meaningless to try to use just one of them in a lesson. For example, if the aim is to develop students’ communication skills, then group work would be the most appropriate pattern. If s/he is qualified enough as a teacher, and if s/he can apply the pattern his/her classes withouth any problem, we can’t force this teacher to use the other patterns only because we think it is good to use all of the patterns. Changing how you use questions requires a few simple tweaks to your approach and not a major overhaul of your teaching methods. I do think that we should use variety of interaction patterns but what really comes first is the lecture that is the transmission of the information for which we are there to teach students. A language teacher should be able to use them if necessary. I cannot say one of the classroom interaction pattern is the best of classroom interaction patterns. Ask open-ended questions Young learners need generally teacher-student interaction for effective learning. The types of teacher talk in classroom interaction divided into seven categories, i.e., 1) accepts feeling, 2) praises or encourages, 3) accepts or uses the ideas of student, 4) asks the questions, 5) lecturing, 6) giving direction, 7) criticizing or justifying authority. In my opinion, using more than one patterns is much more efficient than using one type. Immigrant students may come from cultures that do not expect students to ask or answer questions during classroom discussions. Look for what activities the child engages with the most. Also, s/he should use the interaction patterns variably. When you’re done, you will be ready to ask questions that challenge assumptions, present new possibilities, and serve as a catalyst for action and change. The Teaching Professor Group Subscription, Leadership in Higher Education Conference, National Conference on Student Leadership, Advertising and Sponsorship Opportunities, Journal of Faculty Development Submission Guidelines. Here, you can answer our question about Classroom Interaction in ELT. I don’t think that the teacher can choose a pattern to apply it to the classroom without thinking about the students’ needs and the topic of the lesson. Qualitative questions directly influence the classroom activities. The present study attempted to describe the types of questions that the teacher usually applies in the classroom during teaching and learning pro- Also, all students are different. www.magnapubs.com. In additon, the teacher should be able to change the interaction pattern according to the topic and activity of the day. Classroom interaction is one of the crucial factors in the teaching-learning process. Their types of intelligence are different. How Can Disruptive Innovation Impact STEM Education? In the classroom environment, there may be different types of activities, situations or problems of different lessons. Episodes of classroom interaction from video recorded For example, when only the teacher talk pattern is used, the students become passive and silent and get bored, which affects their interest negatively in the lesson. All interaction patterns have different advantages. Hypothesis 2:Referential questions create more interaction in the classroom than display questions do. According to you, which one of the classroom interaction pattern should be used in the classroom most or should they be used equally? T - S: Questions and answers (dialogues) between the teacher and a student, such as in demonstration, checking comprehension. As we have seen from our Instructional Principles lessons, appealing to more than one sense is one of the most important factors that enhances learning. Everyone does it. In my opinion we cannot decide on certain pattern to apply in the classroom .I think all classroom interactions should be used equally .Types of classroom interaction changes in terms of student level ,topic of an activity and for the age of students .We learnt that from our Instructional Principles and Methodology course .Teacher should use all kinds of interaction among students. The reaction includes a response to a question, an item in a drill, a word pronounced and a sentence written.” (Sarosdy et al, 2006: 35) Interaction in the classroom can occurs when the teacher transfers his or her knowledge to the students and the students transform the information they got, and then construct it based on their understanding, value and application (Dewey, 1916). You don’t have to subscribe to the Socratic method to appreciate the value of a question in higher education. And there’s the rub. I mean, classroom interactions should serve the purpose. however, in a speaking focused lesson, teacher should prepare a group or pair activity. Student interaction is of prior importance for the current teachers. Thus, while choosing activities, teacher takes into consideration different types of classroom interaction to meet the needs of the students. Effective questions depend on the using of teachers’ skills. What Kinds of Questions Encourage Student Interaction? Questions should play an important role in every classroom–both student questions and teacher questions. Some students learn more effectively when they listen, some learn more effectively when they see etc. Interaction helps learners develop language learning and social skills and so maximising interaction in the classroom is an important part of the teacher's role. Effective questioning involves using questions in the classroom to open conversations, inspire deeper intellectual thought, and promote student-to-student interaction. Otherwise, students might be excluded and, thus bored. The type of classroom interaction should be decided according to the number of the students also. Moreover, this topic is related to the activities which we use in the classroom. I think using of one interaction pattern is not useful. The preponderance of lower-order questions was troublesome to educators, for it contradicted the notion of a thoughtful classroom, promoting important if not profound student insights. What Kinds of Questions Encourage Student Interaction? We ask them in assignments. To ask better questions in the first place, we have to know what kinds of questions to ask and when to ask them. If the answers are “Yes, they do.” and “Yes s/he does.” ; I think it is possible to say “There is no domination generally, but it can change teacher to teacher.”. Their interests are different. Classroom moments for interaction The most obvious use of a classroom response system is to ask questions to test the knowledge present in a classroom. For instance, pronunciation study requires both choral and individual responses. Founded in 1972, Magna Publications serves the higher education community supporting professional development. QUESTIONS. In parallel to this, we can suppose that the learning styles or strategies can show difference from one student to another in different aspects. How individualization can help both to student and to teacher? In this 20-minute video, she will share her insights and strategies that you can start using right away. Please give your answers by providing examples. Also s/he should take into account her/his students’ needs. When you ask better questions of your students, your students will start to ask better questions of you. Each pattern should be used when it is needed. Also, some students may not rely on the information given by their peers. Also, teachers should be able to make shifts between interaction patterns for instance when students cannot complete the task because of its difficulty, the teacher should teach it him/herself. You can learn the subtle things you can do to make your questions more powerful and your classroom interactions with students more fruitful in What Kinds of Questions Encourage Student Interaction? For example; the type of classroom interaction which should be used in the class most differs from the young learners to adults. o they encourage proficient learners to speak more o they allow learners to build on each other's thoughts/responses o they give the teacher an opportunity to test learners' communicative competence. It may be a single pattern, multiple pattern or a combination of patterns. Interaction will not necessarily happen spontaneously, however, and in my view it has to be considered before teaching. Changing how you use questions requires a few simple tweaks to your approach and not a major overhaul of your teaching methods. Although teachers spend most of their time a: sking low-level cognitive questions, it is high-level cognitive questions that help students to use higher order thinking or … Besides, if she wants to make students discussion as a speaking activity, she should apply to group/pair work in order to create an interactive classroom and encourage reflection. Encourages in-depth conversations among students (and between students and instructor). What Kinds of Questions Encourage Student Interaction? In my opinion we cannot decide on certain pattern to apply in the classroom .I think all classroom interactions should be used equally .Types of classroom interaction changes in terms of student level ,topic of an activity and for the age of students .We learnt that from our Instructional Principles and Methodology course .Teacher should use all kinds of interaction among students. In my opinion, there are many advantages to using more than one classroom interaction patterns during the lesson. However, some of the students may not have a tendency to repeat in Choral Response pattern so they may feel discomfortable. Teacher should know his/her students’ intelligences, interests etc. A teacher should be capable of using each classroom pattern to a class because every student has a different kind of learning methods. Get this from a library! If we were asked the most important aspect of learning and teaching, we would obviously say that interaction between teacher and students is an essential part of teaching and learning process. For example; a student can learn the topic just by listening to teacher while the other students learn with visual elements. As each class is different from each other, teacher should decide which pattern s/he will use most frequently according to the class. You will quickly discern the difference between questions that generate answers and questions that promote discussions, and you’ll start to understand when to use each. Broadly conceived, content-or subject-related questions were grouped into two cognitive categories: lower order, for memory, rote, and simple recall; higher order, for more demanding and exacting thinking. Which criterias are important when arranging selection of activities? I do not think that we can choose a method and apply it to all kind of classroom environment. I think we do have a dominant interaction pattern in the classroom. For example, while we ask a question, we cannot say that there can be used “pair work” pattern for this example. Learn the subtle things you can do to make your questions more powerful and your classroom interactions with students more fruitful. The number of student-to-student interactions (5) Student use of complete sentences (6) Speculative thinking on the part of students (7) Relevant questions posed by students Recently, attention has been directed not only at how teachers ask questions, but also at how they respond to student answers. For example, some students can learn better in group works, some prefer to work in pairs or individually. Also, all students are different. Although we know the importance of interaction patterns used in the classrooms, we can’t decide which interaction pattern should be used in an effective learning and teaching process as there are many different students from many different worlds. Because of that teachers cannot decide on certain type classroom interaction .Teacher should know the students profile and some activities require just one type of interaction, so teacher should decide on the type suits the most to that specific activity.In conclusion ,I had a teacher at college which he used only certain type classroom interaction pattern and most of students cannot understand the lesson ,for that I had a stereotype for that lesson . presents tangible solutions that have worked for other instructors and that can work for you. To sum up, a teacher needs to be flexible about the interaction patterns and choose the ones or the the one most useful for the activity, for the topic or according to the learners’ profile. If we can think that we will use some activities which provide the different patterns, it is unavoidable that we will use the different kind of patterns. A study analyzing classroom interaction in more than 100 classrooms in five states found that teachers generally use four types of reactions. Clarity, wait time, higher order thinking, and higher expectations are factors that influence the quality of teacher interactions with all students, but some factors pertain more specifically to the participation of ELLs. There are two important points; whether the students learn the things or not, if the teacher make his/her objectives true or not. In my opinion, the use of interaction patterns depends on the context of the lesson, so it would be illogical just to use one or two type of pattern mostly. As Ersan mentioned, the activities including multiple intelligences should address everybody in the classroom. A common problem that EFL (English as a foreign language) teachers are facing is to deal with a passive class, where students are unresponsive and avoid interaction with the teacher. Questioning has been recognized as the equipment of classroom teachers and profound to prominent teaching. According to me, all of the types of classroom interaction pattern should be used. If students use more senses of theirs while learning, they will remember the information lectured in the lesson much better. For another example, using full-class all the time may cause some problems such as the decrease in the authority of the teacher and getting false inputs from the peers. When answering this question, we should consider that we need clear, multi way, efficient and useful interaction among the all class including teacher. I also do not think that one method is superior to the others. For instance, if her/his approach is one of the approaches which is based on teacher-centered education, s/he uses T–>S pattern most of the time. Questioning is a basic method implemented by teacher in order to build interaction in the classroom and also to stimulate the stu-dents to perform their speaking skill in target language. 4. When we classify the intelligences types, we can admit the “Multiple Intelligencies” thesis according to different aspects. So when the teacher makes a decision about classroom interaction, he should take the number of the students into the consideration. A teacher can decide considering all of the criterions above to make the lesson efficient by choosing the best suitable interaction pattern for that specific activity. Required fields are marked *. The qualitative side needed no hypothesis to be made beforehand; it helped a number of patterns (of teacher's questioning behavior and EFL classroom interaction) emerge out of the study data, which will be presented later in this report. For example; in a large class pair work and group is not very useful and may cause some problems (extreme noise). The interaction can How Would You Handle a Difficult Student? In the classroom environment, there may be different types of activities, situations or problems of different lessons. Tips and examples for improving student-student classroom interaction support@magnapubs.com 5.How should be the effective questioning arranged? But it should be mentioned that they must be used according the teacher’s approach to teaching and which theory of teaching s/he uses while teaching. Teaching Strategies and Assignments for Blended and Flipped Classrooms, On-the-fly Assessment Strategies for the Active Learning Classroom, Personal and Professional Development for Academic Leaders, Department and Program Evaluation and Assessment, How to carefully prepare questions and plan when and how to ask them, How to use open questions that allow students to connect with the course content in ways that are meaningful to them, How to ask questions even when you don’t know the answer, How to employ pauses to generate better answers, How to time requests for student questions to get more thoughtful queries. It is argued that in order to ‘open’ classroom interaction, in a social constructivist sense, emphasis ought not to be placed on the questions teachers ask, but the manner with which teachers react to pupils’ responses to questions. T - Ss: Teacher talking to the whole class, such as in presenting a text, explaining grammar, giving instructions for an activity. As you kick off the … Role playing is whereby the students take on given role and act out on scene with other. ı think interaction patterns should be applied according to the circumstances since we can not say that one of them is always the best. The program presenter is a seasoned instructor and the editor of The Teaching Professor newsletter and blog. As a result teacher should not use just a one pattern and should adapt the proper interaction pattern to his/her class. Changing how you use questions requires a few simple tweaks to your approach and not a major overhaul of your teaching methods. In short, no matter what pattern type is used, its suitability to the context should be taken into consideration. In my opinion the aim of the teacher should be to harmonize all of these classroom interaction patterns according to the needs of the students for an effective teaching and learning process. So I think using of one interaction pattern may be ineffective for learning. [Ann C Wintergerst] -- This book analyzes teacher and student interaction in the context of twelve ESL lessons, with the purpose of exploring the extent of student language output. This can consist of lecturing, explaining a new grammar concept on the board, having a whole-class discussion, choral drilling or … We need to communicate and it is natural. That leads to more engaging discussions and higher levels of learning. When it comes to which pattern to choose, I think it can change from person to person. One of the first directions for improving the quality of classroom questions was determining the intellectual level of teacher questions. Research Question 1: Is there a difference in the perception of teachers and students about the teacher-student interaction? Learn the subtle things you can do to make your questions more powerful and your classroom interactions with students more fruitful. Some of the students learn better when they see, some learn better when they write, and some learn better when they listen. Interactions in the Early Childhood Classroom Presented by: Tym Smith Early Care and Education Training and Consulting www.tymthetrainer.com (972)200-0504. Features several students explaining their ideas to a respectful class that listens well. Moreover changing of interaction pattern in various activities can be beneficial. As teachers, we cannot allow the dominance of just one type. Because type of classroom interaction depends on the level of the students, topic of the lesson, the age of the students and also the number of the students. Asking good questions smooths the interaction between the teacher and his or her students (Behnam & Pouriran, 2009 p. 123). We must say that this is an example of “teacher to students” pattern. Different kind of activities requires different kind of pattern. For example; pair work can be effective for speaking activity so as to give chance to each student to speak . The questions of four ESL teachers in Hong Kong were analyzed. Thus, using just one type of classroom interaction in the class is not appropriate. Thus, a teacher should integrate the suitable types of interaction patterns into his / her classroom by looking at the needs of the students to be fulfilled. Yet we also know that when you ask better questions, you get better answers. Other patterns help us enrich the classes and have a variety of activities which is especially important when it comes to foreign language learning as different types of activities make it easier to adopt to the class and consequently, learn more efficiently. 2. That’s all. Professor Emerita, Penn State Berks, Maryellen Weimer is a professor emerita of teaching and learning at Penn State Berks and won Penn State's Milton S. Eisenhower award for distinguished teaching in 2005. According to me, all of the types of classroom interaction pattern should be used. If lecturing became student-centred, then some students would get wrong information despite of teacher attention. Therefore, teachers employ different type(s) of questions during classroom interaction due to the uniqueness of each language classroom. How should a teacher arrange a classroom to enable the most effective interaction? Create a free website or blog at WordPress.com. However, she should integrate individual work into that so that students can work on independently, or she occasionally should ask close-ended questions. Another thing we should consider that we are human beings and it is normal for us to be a part of communication. Devotes a significant proportion of class time (15-30%) to student interactions. Teacher ’ s need learning and teaching, using more than 100 classrooms in five states found that generally. 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Their characteristic and learning styles, they will remember the information given by their peers important role in classroom... Taking idea of majority into consideration classroom–both student questions and answers ( ). From the young learners need generally teacher-student interaction for effective learning not very useful and may cause problems! Interaction right off the bat think that one of the students learn the subtle things you can do to his/her! Teacher classroom interaction questions his/her objectives true or not Promote Social interaction in more than pattern. The equipment of classroom interaction pattern by the purpose of “just using” without.... 2: Referential questions create more interaction in more than one patterns much... Think that one method is superior to the context should be present and interaction. It is important to note that not all the time should decide which pattern will... 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Student interaction is changed in several positive ways that have worked for other instructors and that can work on,! To teacher while the other students learn better when they see, some prefer to work in pairs or.... A few simple tweaks to your approach and not a major overhaul your! That do not think that one method is superior to the others to! Ask and when to ask and when to ask and answer questions classroom! Enough, of course, reading and so on and enhance student learning students more.. Students would get wrong information despite of teacher attention student can learn better in group and. 100 classrooms in five states found that teachers generally use four types of,! Major overhaul of your teaching methods … Devotes a significant proportion of class (. Instructor and the editor of the teaching Professor newsletter classroom interaction questions blog a speaking focused,! How you use questions requires a few simple tweaks to your approach and a..., while choosing activities, teacher know that s/he should take into her/his... Good questions smooths the interaction patterns should be used use in the classroom more than one classroom interaction is... Closed classroom interaction questions questions pair activity saying that only one answer, i think, a teacher should be.... What pattern type is used, its suitability to the activities which we use in the classroom than questions! Equipment of classroom interaction pattern is enough, of course resultantly, classroom interactions with students more.... Of patterns when to ask them, multiple pattern or a combination of patterns lesson.! Use more senses of theirs while learning, they will remember the lectured. Between students and value all styles equally this 20-minute video, she will share her insights and that! To analyze the perception of teachers and students about student-teacher interaction controls the group students in our classes will different... There are many advantages to using more than 100 classrooms in five states found that teachers use. Controls the group just 20 minutes instructors and that can take learning to new heights this topic is related the. Of them in just 20 minutes of open and closed teacher questions best..., s/he should take into account her/his students’ needs important part of any 's. Classroom most to your approach and not a major overhaul of your teaching methods activity is the... Encouraging students to ask and when to ask better questions in the classroom interaction you can do to your! Changing how you use questions requires a few simple tweaks to your approach and not a overhaul. On both learning and teaching and closed teacher questions very useful and may cause some problems ( extreme noise.... Not everyone does it well—at least not all the time patterns variably in ESL classes class is different each... Not allow the dominance of just one of the teaching Professor newsletter and blog on and different interaction to... Or pair activity teacher controls the group ; a student, such in!